ÿþ<html> <head> <title> . . . . . . . . . &#1575;&#1606;&#1583;&#1610;&#1588;&#1607;&#32;&#1587;&#1610;&#1575;&#1587;&#1740;</title> <style type="text/css"> <!-- a:link { color: #000000; text-decoration: none} a:hover { color: #330099; text-decoration: none} a:visited { } a { color: #666060; text-decoration: none} --> </style> </head> <body bgcolor="#EFEFEF" topmargin="0"> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="756" bgcolor="#A86425" height="63"> <tr> <td><img src="image/left1.gif" width="260" height="63" border="0"></td> <td width="110"></td> <td width="117"><img src="image/logo.gif" width="117" height="55" border="0"></td> <td width="107"></td> <td width="159"></td> </tr> </table> </center> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="756"> <tr> <td width="90" bgcolor="#CECECE" valign="top> <img src=" " width="1" height="5" border="0"><br> <a href="../main.html"><img src="../image/first.gif" width="90" height="20" border="0"></a> <br> <!-- <a href="andishe_siasi.html"><img src="../image/before.gif" width="90" height="20" border="0"></a> --> </td> <td width="10"></td> <td width="556"> <br> <center> <div dir="rtl"> <font style="FONT: 8pt/11pt tahoma; COLOR: black"> <font color="#330099"> <font style="FONT: 9pt/12pt tahoma; COLOR: black"> <font color="#993366"><b> /H'2/G *2 /1('1G (-1'F «3H3J'DJ3E H'B9'K EH,H/» <br> </b></font> <font style="FONT: 8pt/11pt tahoma; COLOR: black"> <font color="#330099">EJ4D DHHI <br> *1,EG: 5'D- F,AI <br><br> (1¯1A*G '2 F41JG 41B ag "('F achd <br> </center> <div align="justify" dir="rtl"><font style="FONT: 9pt/12pt tahoma; COLOR: black"> <br><br> <b> GJ† /DJDI (1'I ~0J1A*F E/9'JI F/'1JE CG 'B*5'//'F'F F8'E G'I EH,H/  'J/&HDH¯ G'I FHDJ(1'D  31'F 3J'3I :1( H 31EB'DG FHJ3'F ,1J'F AC1I :'D( 39I /'1F/ (G 9FH'F -BJB*I (/JGI H 1H4F *1 '2 1H2 (G E' B'D( CFF/: 'JF E/9' CG 'B*5'/ ('2'1  31E'JG /'1I H F8'E E(*FI (1 '5D 3H/ H (G1G 'E1H2G *FG' ¯2JFG 9EDI '3*  .5H5'K (9/ '2 4C3* 'B*5'/ A1E'J4I /HD* G'I *E'EJ* .H'G /1 C4H1G'I :J131E'JG /'1I - F8'EI CG /1 "F ¯1HGI CH†C '2 AF 3'D'1'F ((I CA'J*) *CDJA 'B*5'/ 1' E9JF H (' .H/31I H 2H1¯HJI *5EJE G'I .HJ4 1' (G ,'E9G -BFG EI C1/F/. <br> </b> <br><b>J'//'4* E*1,E:</b> 3'D ñùøó 5/ 3'D ~3 '2 E1¯ E'1C3 H GA* 3'D ~J4 '2 A1H~'4I /3*¯'G /HD*I 98JEI CG E/9I 2F/G F¯G /'4*F F'E E'1C3 (H/  E'1C3J3* ,H'F JHF'FI *('1I (G F'E 'DC3 C'DJFJCH3 /1 1/ 3J3*E EH3HE (G «3H3J'DJ3E H'B9'K EH,H/» †FJF FH4*: «'*-'/ ,E'GJ1 4H1HI H .'FH'/G '4  /1 H'˜¯'F E'1C3J3*I  FG †HF'F FH9I 3H3J'DJ3E (D †HF'F EH'1/I '2 31E'JG /'1I /HD*I /JH'F 3'D'1 '3*  FH9I '2 GE'F F8'E ',*E'9I '3*+E'1¯1 CG /1 :1( H,H/ /'1/.» («'F/J4G 'FBD'(I E'1C3»  *1,EG ~1HJ2 ('('JI  5 ññ) (G 29E HI  E'1C3J3E H 3H3J'DJ3EI CG /1 (DHC 41B (1H2 H 8GH1 H EH,H/J* J'A* /1 -BJB* FAI 3H3J'DJ3EI (H/ CG E'1C3 ~J4 FG'/G (H/. 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'D¯HI "2EH/G /F¯ 4'&H~JF¯ E+'D FB6 EF'3(I (1'I 1/ 'JF /'9JG '3*  GE†FJF 'H6'9 H '-H'D (3J'1I '2 C4H1 G'I ,G'F 3HE CG 'B*5'/ G'I FHDJ(1'DI 1' (' B'D( G'I (G :'J* 'B*/'17D('FG B/1* /HD*I (G GE "EJ.*G 'F/. H'F¯GI *,1(G '.J1 †JFI G' F4'F EI /G/ CG ¯1†G '5D'-'* ('2'1E-H1 EECF '3* (' 1A9 (1.I E96D'* F'4I '2 (1F'EG 1J2I G'I E1C2 E/'1 /JH'F3'D'1I 'F/C 2E'FI ¯1G '2 C'1 A1H(3*G ,'E9G (¯4'JF/  (G FH(G .H/ E4CD'* *'2G 'I ('1 EI "H1F/ CG CE '2 E96D'* 3'(B FJ3*F/: (JC'1I  CH† /3*G ,E9I 1H3*'JJ'F (G 4G1 G'  A3'/  *H1E  'A2'J4 F'(1'(1I G'I ',*E'9I  C'G4 ./E'* ',*E'9I  ¯3*14 /'EFG (2GC'1I  'A*'/F 2E'E 'B*5'/ (G /3* ('FC G'I †F/EDJ*I. <br><br> ø- ,F'J* G'JI CG 1˜JE G'I /JH'F3'D'1 (G F'E CEHFJ3E H 3H3J'DJ3E E1*C( 4/F/ - '2 ~'C3'2I G'I .HF('1 /GG ñùóð ¯1A*G *' *,'H2 (G .'C †C3DH'CI /1 ñùöø (G FA3 'EJ/ H '9*B'/ (G "JF/G 'I 3H3J'DJ3*I D7EG G'I 9EJB 2/ H (G *BHJ* H *-CJE 'J/&HDH˜I (H1˜H'JI /1 EJ'F .JD C+J1I '2 "-'/ ,'E9G /1 G1 /H (DHC 41B H :1( 'F,'EJ/. (' 'JF GEG 'EJ/ /3* J'A*F (G ,'E9G 'I "2'/ H '3*H'1 (1 (1'(1I /EHC1'3I ',*E'9I H 'B*5'/I  .H/E.*'1I H F8'1* '2 ~'JJF /1 9EB ,'F (3J'1I '2 '96'I 7(BG C'1¯1 H FJ2 ,H'F'F GE /1 41B H GE /1 :1( 1J4G /H'FJ/G '3*. '2 'JF EF81 3H3J'DJ3E H CEHFJ3E FG /1 ,'EG /HD* G'I «EH,H/» (DCG (G 9FH'F (1F'EG H 71-I 314'1 '2 'EJ/ (G E/* JC B1F H FJE 'DG'E (.4 E('12'* 1G'JI (.4 B1('FJ'F 31E'JG /'1I H '3*C('1 ,G'FI (H/G H E'/'EI CG '3*+E'1 H 3*E '2 2EJF 1J4G CF F4/G 2F/G H 4'/'( .H'G/ E'F/. <br><br> ù- /1 H69J* (-1'F 2/G CFHFI -'D* /3*~'†¯I  31/1¯EI H "4A*¯I 'J/&HDH˜JC 9EJBI CG /1 (3J'1I '2 †~¯1'J'F EI (JFJE C'ED'K 7(J9I '3*. -*I "F'FI CG -'61 F4/G 'F/ EJ1'+ E'1C3J3E 1' JC31G (1 7'B F3J'F (¯0'1F/  1A*G 1A*G EGJ'I JC 9B( F4JFI /13* H -3'(I EI 4HF/. ¯1'J4 :'D( «†~» .H'G /1 41B .H'G /1 :1(- ,2 †F/ '3*+F'JI 'F¯4* 4E'1 J9FI (/9* ¯0'1'F H /¯1'F/J4'FI CG GFH2 (G 61H1* 'FBD'( ',*E'9I 'JE'F /'1F/- /1 /A'9 '2 «E/1F 3'2I» E'1C3J3E H 61H1* 3'2¯'1 FEH/F "F (' 'F/J4G G'I :'D( 1H2 (' DJ(1'DJ3E H A1/ ~13*I H *-5D ¯1'JI H ('D'*1 '2 GEG (' 'B*6'&'* ('2'1 (' (* G'I "F "JJF G' H EF'3C "F H (' 9B'J/ H '5HD ,2EI "F /'/ 3.F EI /G/. 'JF /J/¯'G 1J4G 4C3* «3H3J'DJ3E H'B9'K EH,H/» 1' /1 CH44 (I A1,'E 'FBD'( 1H3JG (1'I ¯33*F '2 'D¯HI *E/F 31E'JG /'1I H B79 '1*('7 (D''BD /1 (1.I -H2G G') (' ('2'1 ,G'FI EI /'F/ (1 'JF '3'3 E/1F 4/F E'1C3J3E /1 ¯1H ¯1/F FG'/F (G BH'FJF 31~J†I F'~0J1 3J3*E ',*E'9I H 'B*5'/I (DHC :1( '3*. ¯1'J4 4E'1I '2 -2( G'I CEHFJ3* 41B H :1( (G BH'9/ /EHC1'3I ',*E'9I JCI '2 B'D( G'I '5DI *D'4 /1 1'G 1BJB 3'2I ~1H˜G 3H3J'DJ3*I '3*. †J2I CG *H'E (' /H1 1J.*G 4/F "( ((I FG'J*) "DH/G - J9FI GE'F E'GJ* 6//EHC1'*JC  (H1HC1'*JC H :'D('K *H*'DJ*1 ,H'E9 :J1 31E'JG /'1 H /E H /3*¯'G (1F'EG 1J2I E1C2E/'14'F - EA* H E3DE '2 /3* EI 1H/  'J/G 'I '3* CG GFH2 (G E1*(G (DH: F13J/G - J9FI 'J/G (1¯04*F '2 31E'JG /'1I H -1C* (G 3HI 'B*5'/I E*CI (1 (1F'EG 1J2I /EHC1'*JC. "F†G /1 'JF CH44 E97HA (G «"4*I H CF'1 "E/F (' H'B9J*» 916G EI 4H/ ('¯1 '2 6'(7G '-*1'E (1'F¯J2 G¯DI E// ,HJJE) FG '124 G'I ,G'F4EHDI - †HF E1/E3'D'1I  -BHB (41  "2'/I (J'F  (1'(1I ',*E'9I  GE(3*¯I [(JF 'DEDDI]- '3* CG /1 7HD -CE 1H'JI F8'E '3*'DJFI FAI J' *-1JA 4/F/  (DCG '124 G'JI- †HF «1B'(* "2'/»  «C3( H C'1 "2'/»  3J'3* ~HD E/'1I  A1GF¯ ('2'1I - '3* CG .H'5 H F.(¯'F :1(I 'E1H2G (J4 '2 G1 2E'FI 3F¯ 4'F 1' (G 3JFG EI 2FF/. <br><br> ñð- 4CI FJ3* CG ('J/ E'1C3J3E 1' (G ~134 ¯1A*  /1 (H*G FB/ ¯0'4* H (G FH 3'.*F4 GE* ¯E'4*  'E' FG (G "F 9D* CG EF*B/'F (H1˜H'I "F EI ¯HJF/  /BJB'K (19C3: (G 'JF 9D* CG ¯33* E'1C3J3E '2 'D¯HI *HDJ/E/'1 31E'JG /'1I 5F9*I H (FJ'/G'I *E/F (H1˜H'JI E/1F †F/'F CG ('J/ 1J4G 'I H (FJ'/I F(H/G '3*. E'1C3 H E'1C3J3* G'  .'5G /1 '1'&G *H39G FJ1HG'I EHD/G (G 9FH'F 4'DH/G 9JFI 'FBD'( H (G 9FH'F (1G'F '5DI /A'9 '2 E41H9J* 3H3J'DJ3E  ':D( (G GE'F 1'GI 1A*F/ CG 'J/&HDH˜I ~J41A* /1 B'D( B1F G,/G H FH2/GI "F ~J4 ~'J4'F FG'/G (H/. /1 (1.I 5H1* G'I 9H'E'FG E'1C3J3E  EF*G'I "E'D 'FBD'( ',*E'9I FG 3'2E'F /GI /H('1G ,'E9G (1 ~'JG (1'/1I H (1'(1I  FG 13J/F (G «E/JFG A'6DG» 'I (' 1'G H 13EI *'2G /1 *HDJ/ H 2J3*F  (' FJ1HG'I EHD/G 'I /'1'I E'GJ* H CJAJ* E*A'H* (DCG 51A'K -0A "F EF'3('* *HDJ/I '3* CG 3/ 1'G *H39G E7DB 'D9F'F FJ1HG'I EHD/G BDE/'/ EI 4HF/. /1 «31E'JG» E'1C3- (G ,2 JCI /H 9('1*- E4CD (*H'F EH'/I J'A* CG (G AGE 'JF EGE J'1I 13'F/ CG «14/ FJ1HG'I *HDJ/I» EECF '3* (' HJ1'F 3'2I */1J,I E-J7 2J3* 7(J9I  (B'I FH9 (41 1' (G .71 'ACF/. <br> E'1C3 /1 EB'E JC 9'DE ',*E'9I GEH'1G '2 †F(1G 'D¯HI (H1˜H'JI/ ~H2J*JHJ3*I (J1HF F(H/  'D¯HJI CG B'D( E91A*I 9DHE 7(J9I 1' (*H'E (' BH'FJF "F  EH,(J* 9DI "F  ~J4 ¯HJI G'I 31'~' 9JFI "F H '9*B'/4 (G *C'ED .7I) (G ¯HFG 'I /D(.H'GI (G -H2G *'1J. *9EJE EI /'/- 1HJC1/I CG FH9 .'5I '2 E'1C3J3E '2 ~D.'FA [E*HA'I ñùñø] *' DH&I "D*H31 [E*HD/ ñùñø]  "F 1' *' FG'J* F*'J, EF7BI '4 ~J4 (1/. <br><br> ññ- ¯HG1 E'1C3J3E 1' /1 ,'I /J¯1I ('J/ ,3*- /1 AD3AG ~1'C3J3 H 1H4 E'*1J'DJ3*I /J'DC*JCI  /1 *-DJD (* H'1¯I C'D'G' H '2.H/(J¯'F¯I F'4I '2 31E'JG /'1I  /1 F81¯'G .H/ 1G'3'2I 'FBD'(I C'1¯1'F H /1 ,'E9G (I 7(BG H (I /HD* "1E'FI "F. '2 GEJF 1HI '3* CG E'1C3J3E GE†F'F FJ1HI ('DBHG .'1B 'D9'/G 'I (1'I *AC1 H 9ED FB'/ H /1GE CH(F/G FG'/G'I EH,H/ (G 4E'1 EI 1H/. FH3'2I E'1C3J3E ('J/ (F'I .H/ 1' (1 EJ1'+ 'F3'F E-H1'FG  E1/E 3'D'1'FG  'FBD'(I H /J'DC*JCI (G ,' E'F/G '2 .H/ E'1C3 H (1*1JF 4'¯1/'F EC*( HI F8J1 12' DHC2'E(H1¯ H D&HF *1H*3CI H "F*HFJH ¯1'E4I (¯0'1/  J9FI (1 4'DH/G 3F*I CG 7I /GG G'I ñùòð H ñùóð (G /3* FJ1HG'I 6/'FBD'(  F8'E '3*'DJFI H A'4J3E 31CH( 4/. 'A2HF (1 'JFG' E'1C3J3E (1'I "FCG G1†G 1J4G 'I *1 '2 *E/F (H1˜H'JI (¯3D/  ('J/ (*H'F/ †'D4 G'I 9EDI H F81I 'I 1' CG ,F(4 G'I 2J3* (HEI H AEJFJ3*I  'D'GJ'* "2'/I (.4  H GH'.H'G'F 5D- ~J4 C4J/G 'F/ /1 CDI H'-/ E*-/ 3'2/. 'JF 'E1 /1 ¯1H 'ACF/F 71- *E/FI FH '3* CG 51A'K 5H1* E*1BI *1I '2 F8'E 31E'JG 3'D'1 5F9*I E*CI (G *H39G *-* F8'1* /HD* GE'F FJ1HG'I EHD/G F('4/  (DCG ('DCD 1'G H 13EI *'2G /1 -J'* (41 ('4/: '3*H'1 (1 '124 C'1(1/ H (1F'EG 1J2I /EHC1'*JC  'F1˜I G'I ,'J¯2JF 4HF/G H -A8 2J3* (HE G'I 7(J9I  (1'(1I F˜'/I H ,F3J*I  (1'/1I H .H'G1I H GE(3*¯I (JF 'DEDDI '3*JD'I ,G'F ¯3*1 FHDJ(1'DJ3E H E/1FJ2'3JHF (H1˜H'JI /1 -'D -'61 '2 'JF H'B9J* F4#* ¯1A*G CG /EHC1'3I ',*E'9I [/1 :1(] H F8'E E'(9/'3*'DJFI [/1 41B] GJ† JC B'/1 (G '1'&G (/JDI (' E9FI- CG /1 "F H'-/  1'/JC'D H /EHC1'*JC ('4/- /1 (1'(1 F8'E 31E'JG /'1I ,G'FI FJ3*F/. <br><br> ñò- E'1C3J3E 'E1H2 (J4 '2 G1 2E'F /J¯1  (G BHD .H/ E'1C3  ('J/ EJ'F (G FB/ (I 1-E'FG G1"F†G EH,H/ '3* (F//. E'1C3J3E ('J/ (' 1/ G1 B3E /A'9JG E/1FJ3*I '2 F8E ,''A*'/G EH,H/ H (' .H//'1I '2 ~0J1A*F ¯A*'1G'I H'B9J* 2/G 'I CG ('2'1 31E'JG /'1I J' '3*(/'/ /JH'F 3'D'1I 1' E41H9 ,DHG EI /GF/  ,DHG ¯'G E9F'JI 4H/ CG '1F3* (DH. '2 "F (G «'5D 'EJ/H'1I» (G "1E'F 4G1 ,'E9G 'I '2 (F/ 13*G *9(J1 EI C1/. [(DH. (ñù÷÷-ñøøõ) /1 ,H'FI (ñùñø) C*'(I F¯'4* (' 9FH'F «1H- F'C,' 'F/J4I» H /1 "F EH9H/('H1I JGH/I 1' (' (5J1* G'I E9FHI E'1C3J3E (G GE "EJ.* H /1 -H'DI ÷ð 3'D¯I '+1 98JE /H ,D/I .H/ 1' (' 9FH'F «'5D 'EJ/H'1I» (G 14*G *-1J1 C4J/  /1 ('( BH'I (1"4H(F/G 91A'F 'FBD'(I H F'C,''F/J4I G'I (21¯.E] ('1I E'1C3J3E (1'I GEG ~134 G'I E1(H7 (G †F/ H †HF 'F*B'D (G 3H3J'DJ3E ~'3. G'I -'61 "E'/G F/'1/: †¯HFG ('J/ /EHC1'3I FE'JF/¯I H E3*BJE 1' (' GE *1CJ( C1/  †¯HFG ('J/ (1F'EG 1J2I /EHC1'*JC 1' (' (B'J'I ',*F'( F'~0J1 F8'E ('2'1 */HJF C1/  †¯HFG ('J/ 14/ H *H39G 'B*5'/I 1' (' 'B*6'&'* -A8 2J3* (HE G'I 7(J9I HAB /'/. GJ† C3 FEI *H'F/ '/9' CF/ CG -BJB* EDC 7DB 'H3* (1'I J'A*F ~'3. 'JF ~134 G' ('J/ (G (-+ H *('/D F81I ('2 H *C+1('H1'FG 7I A1'JF/ *9DJE H *9DEI E*B'(D *F 3~1/. <br><br> Monthly Review. Volume 43. Issue:1. May 1991 <br><br><br><br><br><br> </td> <td width="10"></td> <td width="90" bgcolor="#A86425" valign="top"> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="90%"> <tr> <td width="100%"> </td> </tr> </table> </center> </td> </tr> </table> </center> </body> </html>